initial commit
Mahdi Dibaiee
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charles-darwin.mp4
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fonts/IranianSansWeb-Regular.woff
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fonts/Roboto.woff2
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images/basic-evolution-tree.jpg
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impress
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Subproject commit c09ce88749f4b6467a701a629b97663b29f628f1
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index.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<title>Evolution</title>
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<link rel='stylesheet' href='styles.css'>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div id="impress" data-transition-duration="1000">
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='0' data-scale='7'>
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<h1>نظریهی تکامل</h1>
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<h4 class='en sub'>Evolution</h4>
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<h6>مهدی دیبایی</h6>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='3500' data-scale='5'>
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<h1>شامل ۶ بخش اصلی</h1>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='-2500' data-rel-y='1300'>
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<h1>تکامل</h1>
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<p>تغییرات ژنتیکی همراه با تغییر نسل</p>
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<p>در نتیجهی جهش ژنتیکی در <span class='en'>DNA</span></p>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1100' data-rel-y='0'>
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<h1>تدریج</h1>
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<p>تغییرات بزرگ در بازههای زمانی بلند به وجود میآیند</p>
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<p>صد هزار تا چند میلیون سال</p>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1000' data-rel-y='0'>
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<h1>گونه زایی</h1>
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<img src='images/basic-evolution-tree.jpg' width='500'>
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<div class='small'>
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<p>تقسیم گونهها به گونههای متفاوت</p>
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<p>قابلیت تولید مثل با یکدیگر را ندارند</p>
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<p>در زمان اتفاق خیلی ساده</p>
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<p>عوامل جغرافییای، استراتژیک و ...</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1000' data-rel-y='0'>
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<h1>والد مشترک</h1>
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<p>بر اساس مقایسهی دنبالههای <span class='en'>DNA</span></p>
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<p>پیشبینیهای پاسخداده شده</p>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1000' data-rel-y='0'>
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<h1>انتخاب طبیعی</h1>
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<img src='images/natural-selection.jpg' width='500'>
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<p>تفاوتهایی در بقا و قدرت تولید مثل</p>
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<p>عالی نیست</p>
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<p>محدودیتهای توسعه</p>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1000' data-rel-y='0'>
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<h1>دیگر فرایندها</h1>
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<img src='images/genetic-drift.png' width='570'>
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<p>رانش ژنتیکی</p>
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<p>جهشهای جانبدارانه</p>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='-3000' data-rel-y='3000' data-scale='3' data-rotate='-90'>
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<h1>تکامل فقط یک نظریس؟</h1>
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<blockquote class='small'>
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<strong>دیکشنری آکسفورد:</strong>
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گزارهای از قوانین کلی، اصلها و علل چیزی که دانستهمیشود یا مورد مشاهده قرار میگیرد.
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote class='small'>
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<strong>آکادمی علمی ملی آمریکا:</strong>
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توضیح اثباتشده ای که به طور مکرر تایید شده و برای اهداف کاربردی، به عنوان «حقیقت» مورد قبول است.
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<br />
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(«حقیقت» هیچوقت در علم پایانی نیست، چیزی که امروز به عنوان حقیقت مورد قبول است میتواند در آینده طرد شده یا تغییر یابد)
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</blockquote>
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<br />
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<p>نظریه گرانش</p>
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<p>نظریهی نسبیت</p>
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<p>نظریه اتمها</p>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1500' data-rel-y='0' data-rotate='-90'>
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<h1>پیشبینیهای نظریه تکامل</h1>
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<p>سندهایی برای تغییر و تکامل میان گونههای فسیلی</p>
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<p>پیدا کردن فسیلهای موجودات سادهتر در لایههای قدیمی</p>
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<p>پیدا کردن فسیل موجودات پیچیدهتر و شبیهتر به موجودات فعلی در لایههای جدید</p>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1500' data-rel-y='0' data-rotate='-90'>
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<p>نمونههای گونهزایی در میان فسیلها</p>
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<p>نمونههای گونهزایی در زمان حال</p>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1500' data-rel-y='0' data-rotate='-90'>
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<p>پیدا کردن گونههای پیوندی میان گروهها و گونهها</p>
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<p>پیدا کردن این گونهها در فسیلهای متناسب با زمان مورد پیشبینی</p>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1500' data-rel-y='0' data-rotate='-90'>
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<p>تنوع ژنتیکی تاثیر گذار روی مشخصات موجودات</p>
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<p>عیبهای واضح و قابل توضیح در فرایند تکامل</p>
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<p>انتخاب طبیعی در زمان حال</p>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='2000' data-rel-yl='-5000'>
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<h1>تشکیل فسیلها</h1>
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<img src='images/fossil-0.jpg' width='500'>
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<div class="small">
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<p>شرایط خاص: ورود به آب، دفن شدن زیر رسوب</p>
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<p>قسمتهای نرم معمولن از بین میروند</p>
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<p>تعداد کل گونهها از ابتدا تا الآن: ۱۷ میلیون - ۴ بیلیون</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='1000'>
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<h1>تشخیص عمر فسیلها</h1>
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<img src='images/radiometric-dating.jpg' width='500'>
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<p>همسانسازی لایههای رسوبی در سراسر دنیا</p>
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<p>عناصر رادیواکتیو و زمان نیمهعمر در سنگهای آذرین</p>
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<p>روشهای بیولوژیکی</p>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='500' data-rel-y=''>
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<img src='images/fossil-record-dates.png' width='500' class='left-image'>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1500' data-rel-y='0' data-rotate='-180'>
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<h1>گونهزایی در فسیلها</h1>
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<img src='images/tiktaalik.png' width='500'>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1200' data-rel-y='0' data-rotate='-180'>
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<img src='images/tiktaalik-fossil-0.jpg' width='500'>
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<img src='images/tiktaalik-fossil-1.jpg' width='500'>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1000' data-rel-y='0' data-rotate='-180'>
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<img src='images/birds-from-dinosaurs.png' width='500'>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1000' data-rel-y='0' data-rotate='-180'>
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<img src='images/archaeopteryx.jpg' width='500'>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1000' data-rel-y='0' data-rotate='-180'>
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<img src='images/four-winged-dinosaur.png' width='500'>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='-5000' data-rel-y='2000'>
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<h1>نقصهای طراحی</h1>
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<img src='images/flightless-birds.jpg' width='300'>
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<div class='small'>
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<p><span class='en'>DNA</span> شامل ژنهای مرده و غیرفعال اجداد</p>
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<p>پرندههایی که پرواز نمیکنند</p>
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<p>آپاندیس</p>
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<p>استخوان پایانی ستون فقرات</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='-1200' data-rel-y='0'>
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<img src='images/whale-skeleton.png' width='900'>
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<p>نهنگ بیدندان</p>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='-1400' data-rel-y='0'>
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<img src='images/naked-mole-rat.jpg' width='500'>
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<img src='images/palestine-mole-rat.jpg' width='500'>
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<p>موش کور</p>
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<p>موجوداتی که باقیماندهی چشم دارند اما نمیبینند</p>
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</div>
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<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='-1300' data-rel-y='0'>
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/human-tail.png' width='400'>
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-column'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/embryo-week-6.jpg' width='300'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/embryo-week-7.jpg' width='300'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p>دمبلیچه</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='3000' data-rel-y='1000'>
|
||||||
|
<h1>جزایر اقیانوسی</h1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/galapagos-islands.png' width='400'>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p>پرندهها، حشرات، گیاهان</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>جای خزندگان، دوزیستان و پستانداران خالی</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='1300' data-rotate='90'>
|
||||||
|
<h1>انتخاب مصنوعی</h1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/dog-breeds.jpg' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p>گیاهان پیوندی</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>گونههای حیوانی پیوندی</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='-1000' data-rel-y='0' data-rotate='90'>
|
||||||
|
<h1>انتخاب طبیعی در آزمایشگاه</h1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p>باکتریها به دلیل کوتاه بودن نسل</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='-1000' data-rel-y='0' data-rotate='90'>
|
||||||
|
<h1>انتخاب طبیعی در زمان حال</h1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/galapagos-finches.jpg' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p>نوکهای بزرگتر در نتیجهی قحطی در جزیره</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>رشد ۱۰ درصی در یک نسل</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='-10000' data-rel-y='-5000' data-scale='3'>
|
||||||
|
<h1>و ما انسانها</h1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominin-skeletons.png' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p>فرمهای میانی انسان و کَپیها (<span class='en'>Apes</span>)</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>باور غلط! ما از شامپانزه نیستیم!</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='-3000' data-rel-y='2000'>
|
||||||
|
<h1 class='en'>Sahalenthropus tchadensis (7 MYA)</h1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/sahelanthropus-tchadensis.jpg' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/sahalenthropus-tchadensis-map.png' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='1000'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/sahelanthropus-tchadensis-full.jpg' width='900'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='1000'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/foramen-magnum.gif' width='300'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='2000' data-rel-y='-2000'>
|
||||||
|
<h1 class='en'>Australopithecus Afarensis (4-3 MYA)</h1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row spaced'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis.jpg' width='200'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-big-man.jpg' width='180'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-map.png' width='400'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='1000'>
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row spaced'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-teeth.jpg' width='400'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-teeth-2.jpg' width='400'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='1000'>
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row spaced'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/femur-comparison.png' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/chimpanzee-legs.jpg' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='1000'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/lucy-human-chimp-comparison.png' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='2000' data-rel-y='-3000'>
|
||||||
|
<h1 class='en'>Homo hibilis (2.5 MYA)</h1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row spaced'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/homo-habilis.png' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/homo-habilis-2.png' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p>گونهای که بیشتر از ابزار استفاده میکرد</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='1000'>
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row spaced'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/rock-chopper.jpg' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/handaxes.jpg' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='1000'>
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row spaced'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/homo-habilis-drawing.jpg' width='1000'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='2000' data-rel-y='-2000'>
|
||||||
|
<h1 class='en'>Homo erectus (1.8 MYA)</h1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row spaced'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/homo-ergaster.jpg' width='400'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/homo-georgicus.jpg' width='400'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/homo-georgicus-map.png' width='400'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p>گونهی شناخته شده به عنوان نزدیکترین جد انسان خردمند</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='1000'>
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row spaced'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/acheulean-tools.jpg' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/acheulean-handaxes.jpg' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='2000' data-rel-y='-1000'>
|
||||||
|
<h1 class='en'>Neanderthals (400-250KYA)</h1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row spaced'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/neanderthal-skull.jpg' width='300'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/neanderthal-map.png' width='500'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='1000'>
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row spaced'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/early-pre-neanderthal.jpg' width='300'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/pre-neanderthal.jpg' width='300'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/early-neanderthal.jpg' width='300'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/neanderthal-skull.jpg' width='300'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='1000'>
|
||||||
|
<div class='centered-row spaced'>
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/geographic-distribution.png' width='700'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='2000' data-rel-y='-1000'>
|
||||||
|
<h1 class='en'>Homo sapien (Human)</h1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<img src='images/hominins/homo-sapien.png' width='400'>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='1000' data-rel-y='1000' data-rotate='180'>
|
||||||
|
<h1>ممنون!</h1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<video src='charles-darwin.mp4' autoplay loop></video>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<!--<div class='step slide' data-rel-x='0' data-rel-y='2500'>-->
|
||||||
|
<!--<h1>برهان خلف معمول</h1>-->
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<!--<blockquote>-->
|
||||||
|
<!--همهچیز خیلی خوب سر جاشه! همهی این هماهنگی نشانی از یک طراح داره.-->
|
||||||
|
<!--</blockquote>-->
|
||||||
|
<!--</div>-->
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<script src='impress/js/impress.js'></script>
|
||||||
|
<script>impress().init();</script>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>
|
||||||
126
notes
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
|
|||||||
|
A curious aspect of the theory of evolution is that everybody thinks he understands it. —Jacques Monod
|
||||||
|
Jacques Monod: Biochemist, won Nobel Prize in 1965
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Usual argumnt: Everything is so in place, how can it be random? It must be creationism.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Evolution: The theory of evolution does not predict that species will constantly be evolving, or how fast they’ll change when they do.
|
||||||
|
That depends on the evolutionary pressures they experience. Groups like whales and humans have evolved rapidly, while others, like the coelacanth “living fossil,” look almost identical to ancestors that lived hundreds of millions of years ago.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Gradualism: It takes many generations for huge changes, the speed varies depending on the "natural selection" force, if it's strong, like when colonizing a new environment, it's fast, when animals are stable in their environment, it's slower, this force waxes and wanes (microbes can evolve fast because their generations are short, examples of evolution we can see)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Speciation: 10M species alive, 250,000 Species as fossils, if no speciation, we would see only one highly-evolved specie
|
||||||
|
- Evolution of groups that can't interbreed
|
||||||
|
- Different Geographical environments, not attractive, different mating strategies
|
||||||
|
- Because they can't interbreed, and most of the time, they live in different situations, they will evolve differently
|
||||||
|
- Not dramatic at the time, not so much difference, as different as human children are from their parents
|
||||||
|
- Not necessary
|
||||||
|
- 99% of species go extinct
|
||||||
|
- 1930, started to understand speciation
|
||||||
|
- Example: language speakers
|
||||||
|
- Isthmus of Panama: 7 species on each side, closest relative is on the other side
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Natural Selection:
|
||||||
|
- Flawed: Indian Rhino has a single horn, while African rhinos have two, which is better, it doesn't always result in best
|
||||||
|
- Built on what's already there: Turtles and flippers, can't add new limbs because of DNA
|
||||||
|
- Not *accidental*, oldfield mice example
|
||||||
|
- Mostly about reproduction, less survival
|
||||||
|
- For good of individual, not species, lion male example
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Mechanism:
|
||||||
|
- Genetic drift: random sampling -> biased towards one side
|
||||||
|
- Biased mutation: Biased mutations on molecular level
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Theory:
|
||||||
|
- More than just a speculation
|
||||||
|
- Propositions used to explain facts about real-world
|
||||||
|
- Testable, make verifiable predictions
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Fossils:
|
||||||
|
- 10M species living today, 17M - 4B species estimated - 250,000 Fossil species - Make up only 0.1 to 1 percent of all species
|
||||||
|
- Dating: 1945, radioactivie dating
|
||||||
|
- Radioactive elements (radioisotopes) are incorporated into igneous (azarin) rocks, they decay to other elements at a constant rate
|
||||||
|
How much was there at first? How much is there now? How long is the half-file? -> Determine age, 0.5% error
|
||||||
|
Different radioisotopes: Uranium-238 (zircon), half-life 700M years. Carbon-14, half-life 5730 years (young rocks)
|
||||||
|
They appear together, so can be cross-checked
|
||||||
|
- Biological methods: Tides slow down earth's rotation, every 100,000years, the revolution of earth takes 2 more seconds
|
||||||
|
After a long while, days are longer and years contain less days (circling sun is constant), Corals have daily and annual rings
|
||||||
|
- Dates: 3.5B first photosynthetic bacteria, 2B years later, first Eukaryote, 1B years later, multicellular life
|
||||||
|
- Sequence of species not random, in a complexity hierarchy
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Speciation in fossils:
|
||||||
|
- Tetrapod: 365M, Tiktaalik 375M, Fish: 385M
|
||||||
|
- in Fresh water, predicted between dates
|
||||||
|
- Has neck, head flat like Salamandar, eyes and nostril on top, ribs for pumping air,
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Gradualism, splitting of lineages, transitional form
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Vestiges:
|
||||||
|
- Flightless birds: wings co-opted for other uses (show, running speed, swimming): not what they were made for
|
||||||
|
- If food is available on ground, or no predators on land (like islands), no flight -> more energy to use for reproduction
|
||||||
|
- Whales have pelvis bones that are not connected to anything
|
||||||
|
- Mole rats have eyes covered by skin
|
||||||
|
- Appendix's main use is for digesting cellulose, bigger in Koalas, Rabbits, Kangaroos, etc. Some people are born without one
|
||||||
|
20% of people died because of it
|
||||||
|
- Human tails are visible in embryo for 4 weeks, 14-22
|
||||||
|
- Ears that can move, remains of our ancestral species
|
||||||
|
- Lots of dead genes we don't use: smell, dolphins have 80% of their odor genes inactivated
|
||||||
|
- Embryo goes through evolution-like stages
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Oceanic Islands:
|
||||||
|
- Birds, insects and plants usually found in abundance
|
||||||
|
- Galapagos: 30 islands, 28 species of similar birds native to the island, yet very diverse, finches
|
||||||
|
- Yet lots of species _can_ do well on oceanic islands
|
||||||
|
- (Aerial mammals such as bats can be found)
|
||||||
|
- Species found on nearby land
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Artificial Selection:
|
||||||
|
- Dog breeds, fruits
|
||||||
|
- Bananas are infertile, yet we chose them
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Experimental Evolution:
|
||||||
|
- Microbes, over 18 years, got used to feast and famine, grew 70% faster than the first generation, 9 genes changed - 40,000 generations
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Selection in the Wild:
|
||||||
|
- Galapagos finches, after a draught, increased their beak size by 10% in one generation, because they couldn't eat small, soft seeds anymore
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Humans:
|
||||||
|
- Not from Chimps, but closest relative: 1.5 different between protein sequences, not whole DNA, 80% difference, but small difference
|
||||||
|
6% of genes in humans not found in chimps
|
||||||
|
- There are transitional forms between humans and apes
|
||||||
|
- We have significant DNS relativity
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Sahelanthropus tchadenesis:
|
||||||
|
- Almost full skull, though broken down
|
||||||
|
- Long cranium, small chimp-sized brain, flat face, small teeth, brow ridges
|
||||||
|
- Probably could walk, from their foramen magnum
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy):
|
||||||
|
- Definitely bipedal, from the structure of the femur
|
||||||
|
- Smaller teeth, less rectangular
|
||||||
|
- Arms longer than humans, shorter than chimps
|
||||||
|
- Spent some time in trees
|
||||||
|
- Head: apelike
|
||||||
|
- Middle: mixture
|
||||||
|
- Lower: human-like
|
||||||
|
- Evolution of bipedalism first
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Homo Habilis:
|
||||||
|
- Used tools such as stone hand axes for grazing and hunting birds
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Homo Erectus:
|
||||||
|
- Use of fire: burned bones (animals on fire), fire-hardened clay at sites
|
||||||
|
- Social: hunter gatherers
|
||||||
|
- Successful, they were around for 1.5MY
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Neanderthals:
|
||||||
|
- Mostly in europe
|
||||||
|
- More robust body
|
||||||
|
- Used to cold climate
|
||||||
|
- Shorter legs, wide rib cage
|
||||||
|
- Interbred with Homo Sapiens: Genetic evidence
|
||||||
|
- Large brains, larger than homo sapiens probably
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
First self-replicating molecule: 3.5B years ago
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
126
styles.css
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
|
|||||||
|
@font-face {
|
||||||
|
font-family: 'Iranian Sans';
|
||||||
|
src: url(fonts/IranianSansWeb-Regular.woff) format('woff');
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@font-face {
|
||||||
|
font-family: 'Roboto';
|
||||||
|
font-style: normal;
|
||||||
|
font-weight: 400;
|
||||||
|
src: local('Roboto'), local('Roboto-Regular'), url(fonts/Roboto.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
html, body {
|
||||||
|
font-family: 'Iranian Sans';
|
||||||
|
font-size: 35px;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.slide {
|
||||||
|
direction: rtl;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.en {
|
||||||
|
font-family: Roboto;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.slide {
|
||||||
|
text-align: center;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
|
||||||
|
min-width: 80vw;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p {
|
||||||
|
min-width: 80vw;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
h1 {
|
||||||
|
font-size: 2.1em;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
h2 {
|
||||||
|
font-size: 2em;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
h3 {
|
||||||
|
font-size: 1.7em;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
h4 {
|
||||||
|
font-size: 1.4em;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
h5 {
|
||||||
|
font-size: 1em;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
h6 {
|
||||||
|
font-size: 0.7em;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.sub {
|
||||||
|
margin-top: -20px;
|
||||||
|
color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
blockquote {
|
||||||
|
font-style: italic;
|
||||||
|
position: relative;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
/*blockquote::before, blockquote::after {*/
|
||||||
|
/*font-size: 4em;*/
|
||||||
|
/*opacity: 0.2;*/
|
||||||
|
/*}*/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
/*blockquote::after {*/
|
||||||
|
/*content: '»';*/
|
||||||
|
/*position: relative;*/
|
||||||
|
/*top: 20px;*/
|
||||||
|
/*left: -20px;*/
|
||||||
|
/*}*/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
/*blockquote::before {*/
|
||||||
|
/*content: '«';*/
|
||||||
|
/*position: relative;*/
|
||||||
|
/*top: -10px;*/
|
||||||
|
/*right: -10px;*/
|
||||||
|
/*}*/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
blockquote .person {
|
||||||
|
position: relative;
|
||||||
|
top: 20px;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.super {
|
||||||
|
font-size: 80px;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.small {
|
||||||
|
font-size: 20px;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.left-image {
|
||||||
|
position: absolute;
|
||||||
|
left: -10%;
|
||||||
|
top: 50%;
|
||||||
|
transform: translateY(-50%);
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.centered-row {
|
||||||
|
display: flex;
|
||||||
|
flex-direction: row;
|
||||||
|
align-items: center;
|
||||||
|
justify-content: center;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.spaced {
|
||||||
|
justify-content: space-around;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.centered-column {
|
||||||
|
display: flex;
|
||||||
|
flex-direction: column;
|
||||||
|
justify-content: center;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||