commit c3c91c8da08f0b806f39818383c8354f4ba53840 Author: Mahdi Dibaiee Date: Thu Apr 26 01:41:42 2018 +0430 initial commit diff --git a/charles-darwin.mp4 b/charles-darwin.mp4 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d3308d56 Binary files /dev/null and b/charles-darwin.mp4 differ diff --git a/fonts/IranianSansWeb-Regular.woff b/fonts/IranianSansWeb-Regular.woff new file mode 100755 index 00000000..11390a93 Binary files /dev/null and b/fonts/IranianSansWeb-Regular.woff differ diff --git a/fonts/Roboto.woff2 b/fonts/Roboto.woff2 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2edff7e5 Binary files /dev/null and b/fonts/Roboto.woff2 differ diff --git a/images/archaeopteryx.jpg b/images/archaeopteryx.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..481dc054 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/archaeopteryx.jpg differ diff --git a/images/basic-evolution-tree.jpg b/images/basic-evolution-tree.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..164626ef Binary files /dev/null and b/images/basic-evolution-tree.jpg differ diff --git a/images/birds-from-dinosaurs.png b/images/birds-from-dinosaurs.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..06275a4d Binary files /dev/null and b/images/birds-from-dinosaurs.png differ diff --git a/images/black-rhino.jpg b/images/black-rhino.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c01fb791 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/black-rhino.jpg differ diff --git a/images/chimpanzee-legs.jpg b/images/chimpanzee-legs.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cfa7b0e2 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/chimpanzee-legs.jpg differ diff --git a/images/dog-breeds.jpg b/images/dog-breeds.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d44214b1 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/dog-breeds.jpg differ diff --git a/images/embryo-week-6.jpg b/images/embryo-week-6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..387c0ba3 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/embryo-week-6.jpg differ diff --git a/images/embryo-week-7.jpg b/images/embryo-week-7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5377d62a Binary files /dev/null and b/images/embryo-week-7.jpg differ diff --git a/images/femur-comparison.png b/images/femur-comparison.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b34093d9 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/femur-comparison.png differ diff --git a/images/flightless-birds.jpg b/images/flightless-birds.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a1ee6eed Binary files /dev/null and b/images/flightless-birds.jpg differ diff --git a/images/flightless-birds/742px-Avestruz_(Struthio_camelus),_Tierpark_Hellabrunn,_Múnich,_Alemania,_2012-06-17,_DD_01.JPG b/images/flightless-birds/742px-Avestruz_(Struthio_camelus),_Tierpark_Hellabrunn,_Múnich,_Alemania,_2012-06-17,_DD_01.JPG new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0728d8b9 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/flightless-birds/742px-Avestruz_(Struthio_camelus),_Tierpark_Hellabrunn,_Múnich,_Alemania,_2012-06-17,_DD_01.JPG differ diff --git a/images/flightless-birds/Campbell_Island_Teal.JPG b/images/flightless-birds/Campbell_Island_Teal.JPG new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fdbb3756 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/flightless-birds/Campbell_Island_Teal.JPG differ diff --git a/images/flightless-birds/Dodo_1.JPG b/images/flightless-birds/Dodo_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5f5efdf0 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/flightless-birds/Dodo_1.JPG differ diff --git a/images/flightless-birds/Karuwai_at_August_2005_Health_Check.JPG b/images/flightless-birds/Karuwai_at_August_2005_Health_Check.JPG new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c0bcd40b Binary files /dev/null and b/images/flightless-birds/Karuwai_at_August_2005_Health_Check.JPG differ diff --git a/images/flightless-birds/Penguins_Edinburgh_Zoo_2004_SMC.jpg b/images/flightless-birds/Penguins_Edinburgh_Zoo_2004_SMC.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cf9b75a0 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/flightless-birds/Penguins_Edinburgh_Zoo_2004_SMC.jpg differ diff --git a/images/fossil-0.jpg b/images/fossil-0.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9dc29b28 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/fossil-0.jpg differ diff --git a/images/fossil-record-dates.png b/images/fossil-record-dates.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..656e5659 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/fossil-record-dates.png differ diff --git a/images/four-winged-dinosaur.png b/images/four-winged-dinosaur.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..684053b1 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/four-winged-dinosaur.png differ diff --git a/images/galapagos-finches.jpg b/images/galapagos-finches.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d81df5c4 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/galapagos-finches.jpg differ diff --git a/images/galapagos-islands.png b/images/galapagos-islands.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ca46596e Binary files /dev/null and b/images/galapagos-islands.png differ diff --git a/images/genetic-drift.png b/images/genetic-drift.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..23eeea12 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/genetic-drift.png differ diff --git a/images/hominin-skeletons.png b/images/hominin-skeletons.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9ce075f1 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominin-skeletons.png differ diff --git a/images/hominin-skulls.png b/images/hominin-skulls.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..62b4c112 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominin-skulls.png differ diff --git a/images/hominins/acheulean-handaxes.jpg b/images/hominins/acheulean-handaxes.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..35c8b8b3 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/acheulean-handaxes.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/acheulean-tools.jpg b/images/hominins/acheulean-tools.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f4a940f9 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/acheulean-tools.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-big-man.jpg b/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-big-man.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c25636f5 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-big-man.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-map.png b/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-map.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5e2b7a0a Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-map.png differ diff --git a/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-selam.jpg b/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-selam.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3308c2ca Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-selam.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-teeth-2.jpg b/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-teeth-2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fb228c8c Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-teeth-2.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-teeth.jpg b/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-teeth.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..38930814 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis-teeth.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis.jpg b/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f8bde628 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/australopithecus-afarensis.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/early-neanderthal.jpg b/images/hominins/early-neanderthal.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a03c4059 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/early-neanderthal.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/early-neanderthal.jpg.jpg b/images/hominins/early-neanderthal.jpg.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a03c4059 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/early-neanderthal.jpg.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/early-pre-neanderthal.jpg b/images/hominins/early-pre-neanderthal.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ed95128e Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/early-pre-neanderthal.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/foramen-magnum.gif b/images/hominins/foramen-magnum.gif new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2302fb48 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/foramen-magnum.gif differ diff --git a/images/hominins/geographic-distribution.png b/images/hominins/geographic-distribution.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b3d130a6 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/geographic-distribution.png differ diff --git a/images/hominins/handaxes.jpg b/images/hominins/handaxes.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..23c5bf97 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/handaxes.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/homo-ergaster.jpg b/images/hominins/homo-ergaster.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ef0e23ac Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/homo-ergaster.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/homo-georgicus-map.png b/images/hominins/homo-georgicus-map.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5654a0c2 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/homo-georgicus-map.png differ diff --git a/images/hominins/homo-georgicus.jpg b/images/hominins/homo-georgicus.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c24fbfa5 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/homo-georgicus.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/homo-habilis-2.png b/images/hominins/homo-habilis-2.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..91d85c85 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/homo-habilis-2.png differ diff --git a/images/hominins/homo-habilis-drawing.jpg b/images/hominins/homo-habilis-drawing.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ef99e8b8 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/homo-habilis-drawing.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/homo-habilis.png b/images/hominins/homo-habilis.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0e14340c Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/homo-habilis.png differ diff --git a/images/hominins/homo-sapien.png b/images/hominins/homo-sapien.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..76dc70ae Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/homo-sapien.png differ diff --git a/images/hominins/neanderthal-map.png b/images/hominins/neanderthal-map.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f6440bdc Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/neanderthal-map.png differ diff --git a/images/hominins/neanderthal-skull.jpg b/images/hominins/neanderthal-skull.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d81f9bc0 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/neanderthal-skull.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/pre-neanderthal.jpg b/images/hominins/pre-neanderthal.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fab4415c Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/pre-neanderthal.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/rock-chopper.jpg b/images/hominins/rock-chopper.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7021937d Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/rock-chopper.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/sahalenthropus-tchadensis-map.png b/images/hominins/sahalenthropus-tchadensis-map.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c90022f1 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/sahalenthropus-tchadensis-map.png differ diff --git a/images/hominins/sahelanthropus-tchadensis-full.jpg b/images/hominins/sahelanthropus-tchadensis-full.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e38486d1 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/sahelanthropus-tchadensis-full.jpg differ diff --git a/images/hominins/sahelanthropus-tchadensis.jpg b/images/hominins/sahelanthropus-tchadensis.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2be53339 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/hominins/sahelanthropus-tchadensis.jpg differ diff --git a/images/human-evolution.jpg b/images/human-evolution.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6a676d01 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/human-evolution.jpg differ diff --git a/images/human-tail.png b/images/human-tail.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7d6e8435 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/human-tail.png differ diff --git a/images/indian-rhino.jpg b/images/indian-rhino.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4a31b972 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/indian-rhino.jpg differ diff --git a/images/lucy-human-chimp-comparison.png b/images/lucy-human-chimp-comparison.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fcca7e99 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/lucy-human-chimp-comparison.png differ diff --git a/images/naked-mole-rat.jpg b/images/naked-mole-rat.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..33740c58 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/naked-mole-rat.jpg differ diff --git a/images/natural-selection.jpg b/images/natural-selection.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9a745e38 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/natural-selection.jpg differ diff --git a/images/palestine-mole-rat.jpg b/images/palestine-mole-rat.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..538934e5 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/palestine-mole-rat.jpg differ diff --git a/images/radiometric-dating.jpg b/images/radiometric-dating.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..952c40dd Binary files /dev/null and b/images/radiometric-dating.jpg differ diff --git a/images/tiktaalik-fossil-0.jpg b/images/tiktaalik-fossil-0.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e589aaae Binary files /dev/null and b/images/tiktaalik-fossil-0.jpg differ diff --git a/images/tiktaalik-fossil-1.jpg b/images/tiktaalik-fossil-1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5efca957 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/tiktaalik-fossil-1.jpg differ diff --git a/images/tiktaalik.png b/images/tiktaalik.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fe0a2d1e Binary files /dev/null and b/images/tiktaalik.png differ diff --git a/images/whale-fore-limbs.jpg b/images/whale-fore-limbs.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5c08c5eb Binary files /dev/null and b/images/whale-fore-limbs.jpg differ diff --git a/images/whale-skeleton.png b/images/whale-skeleton.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..99e5e9f8 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/whale-skeleton.png differ diff --git a/impress b/impress new file mode 160000 index 00000000..c09ce887 --- /dev/null +++ b/impress @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Subproject commit c09ce88749f4b6467a701a629b97663b29f628f1 diff --git a/index.html b/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cb95b828 --- /dev/null +++ b/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,385 @@ + + + + + Evolution + + + + + +
+
+

نظریه‌ی تکامل

+

Evolution

+ +
مهدی دیبایی
+
+ +
+

شامل ۶ بخش اصلی

+
+ +
+

تکامل

+ +

تغییرات ژنتیکی همراه با تغییر نسل

+

در نتیجه‌ی جهش ژنتیکی در DNA

+
+ +
+

تدریج

+ +

تغییرات بزرگ در بازه‌های زمانی بلند به وجود می‌آیند

+

صد هزار تا چند میلیون سال

+
+ +
+

گونه زایی

+ + + +
+

تقسیم گونه‌ها به گونه‌های متفاوت

+

قابلیت تولید مثل با یکدیگر را ندارند

+

در زمان اتفاق خیلی ساده

+

عوامل جغرافییای، استراتژیک و ...

+
+
+ +
+

والد مشترک

+ +

بر اساس مقایسه‌ی دنباله‌های DNA

+

پیش‌بینی‌های پاسخ‌داده شده

+
+ +
+

انتخاب طبیعی

+ + + +

تفاوت‌هایی در بقا و قدرت تولید مثل

+

عالی نیست

+

محدودیت‌های توسعه

+
+ +
+

دیگر فرایند‌ها

+ + + +

رانش ژنتیکی

+

جهش‌های جانب‌دارانه

+
+ + +
+

تکامل فقط یک نظریس؟

+ +
+ دیکشنری آکسفورد: + + گزاره‌ای از قوانین کلی، اصل‌ها و علل چیزی که دانسته‌می‌شود یا مورد مشاهده قرار می‌گیرد. +
+ +
+ آکادمی علمی ملی آمریکا: + + توضیح اثبات‌شده ای که به طور مکرر تایید شده و برای اهداف کاربردی، به عنوان «حقیقت» مورد قبول است. + +
+ («حقیقت» هیچوقت در علم پایانی نیست، چیزی که امروز به عنوان حقیقت مورد قبول است می‌تواند در آینده طرد شده یا تغییر یابد) +
+ +
+

نظریه گرانش

+

نظریه‌ی نسبیت

+

نظریه اتم‌ها

+
+ +
+

پیش‌بینی‌های نظریه تکامل

+ +

سند‌هایی برای تغییر و تکامل میان گونه‌های فسیلی

+

پیدا کردن فسیل‌های موجودات ساده‌تر در لایه‌های قدیمی

+

پیدا کردن فسیل موجودات پیچیده‌تر و شبیه‌تر به موجودات فعلی در لایه‌های جدید

+
+ +
+

نمونه‌های گونه‌زایی در میان فسیل‌ها

+

نمونه‌های گونه‌زایی در زمان حال

+
+ +
+

پیدا کردن گونه‌های پیوندی میان گروه‌ها و گونه‌ها

+

پیدا کردن این گونه‌ها در فسیل‌های متناسب با زمان مورد پیشبینی

+
+ +
+

تنوع ژنتیکی تاثیر گذار روی مشخصات موجودات

+

عیب‌های واضح و قابل توضیح در فرایند تکامل

+

انتخاب طبیعی در زمان حال

+
+ +
+

تشکیل فسیل‌ها

+ + + +
+

شرایط خاص: ورود به آب، دفن شدن زیر رسوب

+

قسمت‌های نرم معمولن از بین می‌روند

+

تعداد کل گونه‌ها از ابتدا تا الآن: ۱۷ میلیون - ۴ بیلیون

+
+
+ +
+

تشخیص عمر فسیل‌ها

+ + + +

همسان‌سازی لایه‌های رسوبی در سراسر دنیا

+

عناصر رادیو‌اکتیو و زمان نیمه‌عمر در سنگ‌های آذرین

+

روش‌های بیولوژیکی

+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+

گونه‌زایی در فسیل‌ها

+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+

نقص‌های طراحی

+ + + +
+

DNA شامل ژن‌های مرده و غیر‌فعال اجداد

+

پرنده‌هایی که پرواز نمی‌کنند

+

آپاندیس

+

استخوان پایانی ستون فقرات

+
+
+ +
+ +

نهنگ بی‌دندان

+
+ +
+ + +

موش کور

+

موجوداتی که باقی‌مانده‌ی چشم دارند اما نمیبینند

+
+ +
+
+ +
+ + +
+
+

دمبلیچه

+
+ +
+

جزایر اقیانوسی

+ + + +

پرنده‌ها، حشرات، گیاهان

+

جای خزندگان، دوزیستان و پستان‌داران خالی

+
+ +
+

انتخاب مصنوعی

+ + + +

گیاهان پیوندی

+

گونه‌های حیوانی پیوندی

+
+ +
+

انتخاب طبیعی در آزمایشگاه

+ +

باکتری‌ها به دلیل کوتاه بودن نسل

+
+ +
+

انتخاب طبیعی در زمان حال

+ + + +

نوک‌های بزرگتر در نتیجه‌ی قحطی در جزیره

+

رشد ۱۰ درصی در یک نسل

+
+ +
+

و ما انسان‌ها

+ + + +

فرم‌های میانی انسان و کَپی‌ها (Apes)

+

باور غلط! ما از شامپانزه نیستیم!

+
+ +
+

Sahalenthropus tchadensis (7 MYA)

+ +
+ + +
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+

Australopithecus Afarensis (4-3 MYA)

+ +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+ +
+ +
+

Homo hibilis (2.5 MYA)

+ +
+ + +
+ +

گونه‌ای که بیشتر از ابزار استفاده می‌کرد

+
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+

Homo erectus (1.8 MYA)

+ +
+ + + +
+ +

گونه‌ی شناخته شده به عنوان نزدیک‌ترین جد انسان خردمند

+
+ +
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+

Neanderthals (400-250KYA)

+ +
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+ + +
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+

Homo sapien (Human)

+ + +
+ +
+

ممنون!

+ + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + diff --git a/notes b/notes new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5c450a1f --- /dev/null +++ b/notes @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +A curious aspect of the theory of evolution is that everybody thinks he understands it. —Jacques Monod +Jacques Monod: Biochemist, won Nobel Prize in 1965 + +# Usual argumnt: Everything is so in place, how can it be random? It must be creationism. + +Evolution: The theory of evolution does not predict that species will constantly be evolving, or how fast they’ll change when they do. +That depends on the evolutionary pressures they experience. Groups like whales and humans have evolved rapidly, while others, like the coelacanth “living fossil,” look almost identical to ancestors that lived hundreds of millions of years ago. + +Gradualism: It takes many generations for huge changes, the speed varies depending on the "natural selection" force, if it's strong, like when colonizing a new environment, it's fast, when animals are stable in their environment, it's slower, this force waxes and wanes (microbes can evolve fast because their generations are short, examples of evolution we can see) + +Speciation: 10M species alive, 250,000 Species as fossils, if no speciation, we would see only one highly-evolved specie + - Evolution of groups that can't interbreed + - Different Geographical environments, not attractive, different mating strategies + - Because they can't interbreed, and most of the time, they live in different situations, they will evolve differently + - Not dramatic at the time, not so much difference, as different as human children are from their parents + - Not necessary + - 99% of species go extinct + - 1930, started to understand speciation + - Example: language speakers + - Isthmus of Panama: 7 species on each side, closest relative is on the other side + +Natural Selection: + - Flawed: Indian Rhino has a single horn, while African rhinos have two, which is better, it doesn't always result in best + - Built on what's already there: Turtles and flippers, can't add new limbs because of DNA + - Not *accidental*, oldfield mice example + - Mostly about reproduction, less survival + - For good of individual, not species, lion male example + +Mechanism: + - Genetic drift: random sampling -> biased towards one side + - Biased mutation: Biased mutations on molecular level + +Theory: + - More than just a speculation + - Propositions used to explain facts about real-world + - Testable, make verifiable predictions + +Fossils: + - 10M species living today, 17M - 4B species estimated - 250,000 Fossil species - Make up only 0.1 to 1 percent of all species + - Dating: 1945, radioactivie dating + - Radioactive elements (radioisotopes) are incorporated into igneous (azarin) rocks, they decay to other elements at a constant rate + How much was there at first? How much is there now? How long is the half-file? -> Determine age, 0.5% error + Different radioisotopes: Uranium-238 (zircon), half-life 700M years. Carbon-14, half-life 5730 years (young rocks) + They appear together, so can be cross-checked + - Biological methods: Tides slow down earth's rotation, every 100,000years, the revolution of earth takes 2 more seconds + After a long while, days are longer and years contain less days (circling sun is constant), Corals have daily and annual rings + - Dates: 3.5B first photosynthetic bacteria, 2B years later, first Eukaryote, 1B years later, multicellular life + - Sequence of species not random, in a complexity hierarchy + +Speciation in fossils: + - Tetrapod: 365M, Tiktaalik 375M, Fish: 385M + - in Fresh water, predicted between dates + - Has neck, head flat like Salamandar, eyes and nostril on top, ribs for pumping air, + + - Gradualism, splitting of lineages, transitional form + +Vestiges: + - Flightless birds: wings co-opted for other uses (show, running speed, swimming): not what they were made for + - If food is available on ground, or no predators on land (like islands), no flight -> more energy to use for reproduction + - Whales have pelvis bones that are not connected to anything + - Mole rats have eyes covered by skin + - Appendix's main use is for digesting cellulose, bigger in Koalas, Rabbits, Kangaroos, etc. Some people are born without one + 20% of people died because of it + - Human tails are visible in embryo for 4 weeks, 14-22 + - Ears that can move, remains of our ancestral species + - Lots of dead genes we don't use: smell, dolphins have 80% of their odor genes inactivated + - Embryo goes through evolution-like stages + +Oceanic Islands: + - Birds, insects and plants usually found in abundance + - Galapagos: 30 islands, 28 species of similar birds native to the island, yet very diverse, finches + - Yet lots of species _can_ do well on oceanic islands + - (Aerial mammals such as bats can be found) + - Species found on nearby land + +Artificial Selection: + - Dog breeds, fruits + - Bananas are infertile, yet we chose them + +Experimental Evolution: + - Microbes, over 18 years, got used to feast and famine, grew 70% faster than the first generation, 9 genes changed - 40,000 generations + +Selection in the Wild: + - Galapagos finches, after a draught, increased their beak size by 10% in one generation, because they couldn't eat small, soft seeds anymore + +Humans: + - Not from Chimps, but closest relative: 1.5 different between protein sequences, not whole DNA, 80% difference, but small difference + 6% of genes in humans not found in chimps + - There are transitional forms between humans and apes + - We have significant DNS relativity + +Sahelanthropus tchadenesis: + - Almost full skull, though broken down + - Long cranium, small chimp-sized brain, flat face, small teeth, brow ridges + - Probably could walk, from their foramen magnum + +Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy): + - Definitely bipedal, from the structure of the femur + - Smaller teeth, less rectangular + - Arms longer than humans, shorter than chimps + - Spent some time in trees + - Head: apelike + - Middle: mixture + - Lower: human-like + - Evolution of bipedalism first + +Homo Habilis: + - Used tools such as stone hand axes for grazing and hunting birds + +Homo Erectus: + - Use of fire: burned bones (animals on fire), fire-hardened clay at sites + - Social: hunter gatherers + - Successful, they were around for 1.5MY + +Neanderthals: + - Mostly in europe + - More robust body + - Used to cold climate + - Shorter legs, wide rib cage + - Interbred with Homo Sapiens: Genetic evidence + - Large brains, larger than homo sapiens probably + + + +First self-replicating molecule: 3.5B years ago + diff --git a/styles.css b/styles.css new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e07e8aca --- /dev/null +++ b/styles.css @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +@font-face { + font-family: 'Iranian Sans'; + src: url(fonts/IranianSansWeb-Regular.woff) format('woff'); +} + +@font-face { + font-family: 'Roboto'; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: 400; + src: local('Roboto'), local('Roboto-Regular'), url(fonts/Roboto.woff2) format('woff2'); +} + +html, body { + font-family: 'Iranian Sans'; + font-size: 35px; +} + +.slide { + direction: rtl; +} + +.en { + font-family: Roboto; +} + +.slide { + text-align: center; +} + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { + min-width: 80vw; +} + +p { + min-width: 80vw; +} + +h1 { + font-size: 2.1em; +} + +h2 { + font-size: 2em; +} + +h3 { + font-size: 1.7em; +} + +h4 { + font-size: 1.4em; +} + +h5 { + font-size: 1em; +} + +h6 { + font-size: 0.7em; +} + +.sub { + margin-top: -20px; + color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); +} + +blockquote { + font-style: italic; + position: relative; +} + +/*blockquote::before, blockquote::after {*/ + /*font-size: 4em;*/ + /*opacity: 0.2;*/ +/*}*/ + +/*blockquote::after {*/ + /*content: '»';*/ + /*position: relative;*/ + /*top: 20px;*/ + /*left: -20px;*/ +/*}*/ + +/*blockquote::before {*/ + /*content: '«';*/ + /*position: relative;*/ + /*top: -10px;*/ + /*right: -10px;*/ +/*}*/ + +blockquote .person { + position: relative; + top: 20px; +} + +.super { + font-size: 80px; +} + +.small { + font-size: 20px; +} + +.left-image { + position: absolute; + left: -10%; + top: 50%; + transform: translateY(-50%); +} + +.centered-row { + display: flex; + flex-direction: row; + align-items: center; + justify-content: center; +} + +.spaced { + justify-content: space-around; +} + +.centered-column { + display: flex; + flex-direction: column; + justify-content: center; +}