vulkan-playground/main.cpp

#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include <vulkan/vulkan_beta.h>
#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#include <fstream>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <optional>
#include <set>
#include <cstdint>
#include <limits>
#include <algorithm>

const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
  "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
};

#ifdef NDEBUG
  const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
  const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif

static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {
  std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);

  if (!file.is_open()) {
    throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
  }

  size_t fileSize = (size_t) file.tellg();
  std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);

  file.seekg(0);
  file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);
  file.close();

  return buffer;
}

class HelloTriangleApplication {
public:
  void run() {
    initWindow();
    initVulkan();
    mainLoop();
    cleanup();
  }

private:
  GLFWwindow* window;

  VkInstance instance;
  VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

  VkDevice device;

  VkQueue graphicsQueue;
  VkQueue presentQueue;

  VkSurfaceKHR surface;
  VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
  VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
  VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;

  std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;
  std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;
  std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;

  const uint32_t WIDTH = 800;
  const uint32_t HEIGHT = 600;

  VkCommandPool commandPool;
  VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;

  VkRenderPass renderPass;
  VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
  VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;

  VkSemaphore imageAvailableSemaphore;
  VkSemaphore renderFinishedSemaphore;
  VkFence inFlightFence;

  std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStates = {
    VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
    VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR
  };

  void initWindow() {
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_FALSE);

    window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
  }

  void initVulkan() {
    createInstance();
    createSurface();
    pickPhysicalDevice();
    createLogicalDevice();
    createSwapChain();
    createImageViews();

    createRenderPass();
    createGraphicsPipeline();
    createFramebuffers();
    createCommandPool();
    createCommandBuffer();
    createSyncObjects();
  }

  void createSyncObjects() {
    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
    semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
    VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{};
    fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
    fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

    if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphore) != VK_SUCCESS ||
      vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphore) != VK_SUCCESS ||
      vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFence) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create semaphores!");
    }
  }

  void drawFrame() {
    vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
    vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFence);

    uint32_t imageIndex;
    vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphore, VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

    vkResetCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, 0);
    recordCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, imageIndex);

    VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
    submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

    VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = {imageAvailableSemaphore};
    VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = {VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT};
    submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
    submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;

    submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

    VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = {renderFinishedSemaphore};
    submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

    if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFence) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
    }

    VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};
    presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;
    presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
    presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

    VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = {swapChain};
    presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
    presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;
    presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;

    presentInfo.pResults = nullptr;

    VkResult result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
      std::cout << "error presenting to queue: " << result << std::endl;
    }
  }
  
  void recordCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t imageIndex) {
    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
    beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
    beginInfo.flags = 0; // Optional
    beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr; // Optional

    if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
    }

    VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{};
    renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
    renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
    renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[imageIndex];

    renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};
    renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;

    VkClearValue clearColor = {{{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}}};
    renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
    renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;

    vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

    vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline);

    VkViewport viewport{};
    viewport.x = 0.0f;
    viewport.y = 0.0f;
    viewport.width = static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.width);
    viewport.height = static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.height);
    viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
    viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
    vkCmdSetViewport(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);

    VkRect2D scissor{};
    scissor.offset = {0, 0};
    scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;
    vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);

    vkCmdDraw(commandBuffer, 3, 1, 0, 0);
    vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffer);

    if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
    }
  }

  void createCommandPool() {
    QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

    VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
    poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
    poolInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
    poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();

    VkResult result = vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
      std::cout << "error creating command pool: " << result << std::endl;
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!");
    }
  }

  void createCommandBuffer() {
    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
    allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
    allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

    VkResult result = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
      std::cout << "error allocating command buffer: " << result << std::endl;
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
    }
  }

  void createFramebuffers() {
    swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

    for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
      VkImageView attachments[] = {
        swapChainImageViews[i]
      };

      VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{};
      framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
      framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
      framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
      framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
      framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
      framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
      framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

      VkResult result = vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]);
      if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        std::cout << "error creating framebuffer: " << result << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer");
      }
    }
  }

  void createRenderPass() {
    VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
    dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
    dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
    dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
    dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
    dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
    dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

    VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment{};
    colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
    colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
    colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
    colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
    colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
    colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
    colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

    VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef{};
    colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
    colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

    VkSubpassDescription subpass{};
    subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
    subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
    subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;

    VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo{};
    renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
    renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
    renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;
    renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
    renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
    renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
    renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

    VkResult result = vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
      std::cout << "error creating render pass: " << result << std::endl;
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
    }
  }

  void createGraphicsPipeline() {
    auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");
    auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");

    VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
    VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{};
    vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
    vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
    vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
    vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{};
    fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
    fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
    fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
    fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo};

    VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{};
    vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 0;
    vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = nullptr; // Optional
    vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 0;
    vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = nullptr; // Optional

    VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{};
    dynamicState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    dynamicState.dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size());
    dynamicState.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data();

    VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{};
    inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
    inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

    VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{};
    viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
    viewportState.scissorCount = 1;

    VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{};
    rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
    rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
    rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
    rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
    rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
    rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE;
    rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;
    rasterizer.depthBiasConstantFactor = 0.0f; // Optional
    rasterizer.depthBiasClamp = 0.0f; // Optional
    rasterizer.depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0.0f; // Optional

    VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{};
    multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
    multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    multisampling.minSampleShading = 1.0f; // Optional
    multisampling.pSampleMask = nullptr; // Optional
    multisampling.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE; // Optional
    multisampling.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE; // Optional

    VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{};
    colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
    colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;
    colorBlendAttachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
    colorBlendAttachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
    colorBlendAttachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional
    colorBlendAttachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
    colorBlendAttachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
    colorBlendAttachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional
                                                       
    VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{};
    colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
    colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY; // Optional
    colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
    colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
    colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f; // Optional
    colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f; // Optional
    colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f; // Optional
    colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f; // Optional
   
    VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{};
    pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
    pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 0; // Optional
    pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = nullptr; // Optional
    pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0; // Optional
    pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr; // Optional

    if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
    }

    VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo{};
    pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
    pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
    pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;
    pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
    pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
    pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
    pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
    pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
    pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = nullptr; // Optional
    pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
    pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
    pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
    pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
    pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
    pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE; // Optional
    pipelineInfo.basePipelineIndex = -1; // Optional
                                         
    if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
    }

    vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
    vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
  }

  VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) {
    VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
    createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
    createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());

    VkShaderModule shaderModule;
    VkResult result = vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
      std::cout << "create shader module error: " << result << std::endl;
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
    }

    return shaderModule;
  }

  void createSurface() {
    VkResult result = glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface);

    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
      std::cout << "create surface error: " << result << std::endl;
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface");
    }
  }

  void createSwapChain() {
    SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

    VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
    swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
    VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
    VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);
    swapChainExtent = extent;

    uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;

    if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
      imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
    }

    VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
    createInfo.surface = surface;

    createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
    createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
    createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
    createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
    createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
    createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
    uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value()};

    if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
        createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
        createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
        createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
    } else {
        createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
        createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0; // Optional
        createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr; // Optional
    }

    createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
    createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
    createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
    createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;
    createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

    VkResult result = vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
      std::cout << "create swap chain error: " << result << std::endl;
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
    }

    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
    swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());
  }

  void createImageViews() {
    swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

    for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
      VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo{};
      createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
      createInfo.image = swapChainImages[i];

      createInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
      createInfo.format = swapChainImageFormat;

      createInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
      createInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
      createInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
      createInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;

      createInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
      createInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
      createInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
      createInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
      createInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

      if (vkCreateImageView(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChainImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
          throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image views!");
      }
    }
  }

  VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) {
    for (const auto& format : availableFormats) {
      if (format.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB && format.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
        return format;
      }
    }

    return availableFormats[0];
  }

  VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availableModes) {
    for (const auto& mode : availableModes) {
      if (mode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
        return mode;
      }
    }

    return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
  }

  VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {
    if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
      return capabilities.currentExtent;
    } else {
      int width, height;
      glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

      VkExtent2D actualExtent = {
        static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
        static_cast<uint32_t>(height)
      };

      actualExtent.width = std::clamp(actualExtent.width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width, capabilities.maxImageExtent.width);
      actualExtent.height = std::clamp(actualExtent.height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height, capabilities.maxImageExtent.height);

      return actualExtent;
    }
  }

  void createLogicalDevice() {
    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

    std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
    std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value()};

    float queuePriority = 1.0f;
    for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
      VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{};
      queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
      queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
      queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
      queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
      queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
    }

    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};

    VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

    createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();
    createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());

    createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

    createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(requiredDeviceExtensions.size() + 1);
    std::vector<const char*> extensions(requiredDeviceExtensions.begin(), requiredDeviceExtensions.end());
    extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_PORTABILITY_SUBSET_EXTENSION_NAME);
    createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();


    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
      createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
    } else {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
    }

    VkResult result = vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
      std::cout << "error: " << result << std::endl;
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device");
    }

    vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
    vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);
  }

  void pickPhysicalDevice() {
    uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
    vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

    if (deviceCount == 0) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
    }

    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
    vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

    for (const auto& device : devices) {
      if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
        physicalDevice = device;
        break;
      }
    }

    if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
      throw std::runtime_error("could not find a suitable GPU");
    }
  }

  const std::vector<const char*> requiredDeviceExtensions = {
      VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
  };

  bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    /*VkPhysicalDeviceProperties props;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(device, &props);

    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures features;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &features);

    return props.deviceType == VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU && features.geometryShader;*/
    bool extensionsSupported = deviceHasRequiredExtensions(device);

    bool swapChainAdequate = false;
    if (extensionsSupported) {
      SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
      swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
    }

    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);
    return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate;
  }

  bool deviceHasRequiredExtensions(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    uint32_t extensionCount;
    vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);

    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
    vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());

    std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(requiredDeviceExtensions.begin(), requiredDeviceExtensions.end());

    for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
      requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
    }

    return requiredExtensions.empty();
  }

  struct QueueFamilyIndices {
    std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
    std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;

    bool isComplete() {
      return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
    }
  };

  QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    QueueFamilyIndices indices;

    uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);

    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());

    int i = 0;
    for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
      if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
        indices.graphicsFamily = i;
      }

      VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);

      if (presentSupport) {
        indices.presentFamily = i;
      }

      if (indices.isComplete()) {
        break;
      }

      i++;
    }

    return indices;
  }

  struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
    VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
    std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
    std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
  };

  SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    SwapChainSupportDetails details;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities);

    uint32_t formatCount;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);

    if (formatCount != 0) {
      details.formats.resize(formatCount);
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data());
    }

    uint32_t presentModeCount;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);

    if (presentModeCount != 0) {
      details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
    }

    return details;
  }

  bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {
    uint32_t layerCount;
    vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

    std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
    vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data());

    for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {
      bool layerFound = false;

      for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) {
        if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
          layerFound = true;
          break;
        }
      }

      if (!layerFound) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    return true;
  }

  void createInstance() {
    VkApplicationInfo appInfo{};
    appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
    appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";
    appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
    appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
    appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
    appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

    VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
    createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

    std::vector<const char*> requiredExtensions;

    uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
    const char** glfwExtensions;
    
    // Enable glfw extensions
    glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < glfwExtensionCount; i++) {
      requiredExtensions.emplace_back(glfwExtensions[i]);
    }

    // Enable Portability Enumeration extension (required for macOS)
    requiredExtensions.emplace_back(VK_KHR_PORTABILITY_ENUMERATION_EXTENSION_NAME);

    createInfo.flags |= VK_INSTANCE_CREATE_ENUMERATE_PORTABILITY_BIT_KHR;

    createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = (uint32_t) requiredExtensions.size();
    createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = requiredExtensions.data();

    // Check validation layers
    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      if (!checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
        throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");
      }
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
      createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
    } else {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
    }

    std::cout << "Validation layers: OK" << std::endl;

    VkResult result = vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
      std::cout << "error creating instance: " << result << std::endl;
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");
    }

    std::cout << "Created instance" << std::endl;

    // Check for available extensions
    uint32_t extensionCount = 0;
    vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);
    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> extensions(extensionCount);

    vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount, extensions.data());

    std::cout << "available extensions:" << std::endl;
    for (const auto& extension : extensions) {
      std::cout << '\t' << extension.extensionName;
      for (const char* required : requiredExtensions) {
        if (strcmp(required, extension.extensionName) == 0) {
          std::cout << " *";
        }
      }

      std::cout << std::endl;
    }
  }

  void mainLoop() {
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
      glfwPollEvents();
      drawFrame();
    }

    vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
  }

  void cleanup() {
    vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphore, nullptr);
    vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphore, nullptr);
    vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFence, nullptr);
    
    vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);
    for (auto framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) {
      vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);
    vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
    vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);
    for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
      vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
    }
    vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);
    vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);
    vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
    vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

    glfwDestroyWindow(window);
    glfwTerminate();
  }
};


int main() {
  HelloTriangleApplication app;

  try {
    app.run();
  } catch (const std::exception& e) {
    std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
  }

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}