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_posts/2022-09-15-pahlavi-avestan-intro.md
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---
layout: post
title: "Introduction to Middle Persian & Pahlavi script"
subtitle: "Reading Avesta using Pahlavi script"
title: "Middle Persian & Pahlavi script"
subtitle: "A Tiny Introduction"
date: 2022-09-15 00:00:00
permalink: pahlavi-vendidad-avesta-intro/
published: false
categories: language
author: Mahdi
custom_head: <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/khusro.css"">
---
[Middle Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian), the successor of [Old Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian) from [Achaemenid Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire), was used by the [Sassanian Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) of Iran, and is the ancestor of Modern Persian, which is currently the official language of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. This language has been written using multiple scripts, including [Pahlavi script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_script), [Manichaean script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaean_script) and [Pazend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazend). Here I aim to give a short introduction to Middle Persian using Pahlavi script, a script derived from [imperial Aramaic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic).
[Middle Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian), the successor of [Old Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian) from [Achaemenid Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire), was used by the [Sassanian Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) of Iran, and is the ancestor of Modern Persian, which is currently the official language of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. This language has been written using multiple scripts, including [Pahlavi script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_script), [Manichaean script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaean_script) and [Pazend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazend). This blog post is the most brief introduction to Middle Persian using Pahlavi script, a script derived from [imperial Aramaic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic).
This language is written and read right-to-left, however in this blog post because the main body of text is English, the text is aligned on the left-side.
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4. <span class='pahlavi'> bDlKa</span> (aghriya / aghrâya): this word is derived from <span class='pahlavi'> B!rKa</span> meaning: top, head, summit, pertaining to top, pertaining to summit, topmost, of the first quality, the principal one.
5. <span class='pahlavi'>nvtKn</span> (vaghtân): a head (of a good being), as opposed to <span class='pahlavi'>rA__Gk</span> (kamâr) head of an evil being.
## Letter Mixes
## Letter mixes
The table below shows how different letters mix together {% cite kapadia1953glossary %}: